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vine training
The use of vine training systems in viticulture is aimed primarily to assist in canopy management with finding the balance in enough foliage to facilitate photosynthesis without excessive shading that could impede grape ripening or promote grape diseases.〔G. Nonnecke ''"(Training Systems for Grapes: High vs. Low Cordon )"'' Iowa Grape Growers Conference, January 26th, 2002〕 Additional benefits of utilizing particular training systems could be to control potential yields and to facilitate mechanization of certain vineyard tasks such as pruning, irrigation, applying pesticide or fertilizing sprays as well as harvesting the grapes.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 134-230, 300-341, 399-413, 551-553, 617-634, 661-692, 706-733 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕 In deciding on what type of vine training system to use, growers will also consider the climate conditions of the vineyard where the amount of sunlight, humidity and wind could have a large impact on the exact benefits the training system offers. For instance, while having a large spread out canopy (such as what the ''Geneva Double Curtain'' offers) can promote a favorable leaf to fruit ratio for photosynthesis, it offers very little wind protection. In places such as the Châteauneuf-du-Pape, strong prevailing winds such as ''le mistral'' can take the fruit right off the vine so a more condensed, protective vine training system is desirable for vineyards there.〔T. Stevenson ''"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"'' pg 19-24 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8〕
While closely related, the terms ''trellising'', ''pruning'' and ''vine training'' are often used interchangeably even though they refer to different things. Technically speaking, the trellis refers to the actual stakes, posts, wires or other structures that the grapevine is attached to. Some vines are allowed to grow free standing without any attachment to a trellising structure. Part of the confusion between trellising and vine training systems stems from the fact that vine training systems will often take on the name of the particular type of trellising involved.〔J. Cox ''"From Vines to Wines"'' Fourth Edition, pg 40-49 Storey Publishing 1999 ISBN 1-58017-105-2〕 Pruning refers to the cutting and shaping of the cordon or "arms" of the grapevine in winter which will determine the number of buds that are allowed to become grape clusters.〔K. MacNeil ''The Wine Bible'' pg 26-29 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5〕 In some wine regions, such as France, the exact number of buds is outlined by ''Appellation d'origine contrôlée'' (AOC) regulations. During the summer growing season, pruning can involve removing young plant shoots or excess bunches of grapes with green harvesting. Vine training systems utilize the practice of trellising and pruning in order to dictate and control a grape vine's canopy which will influence not only the potential yield of that year's crop but also the quality of the grapes due to the access of air and sunlight needed for the grapes to ripen fully and for preventing various grape diseases.〔Oz Clarke ''Encyclopedia of Grapes'' pg 18-27 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0-15-100714-4〕
==History==
As one of the world's oldest cultivated crops, grapevines have been trained for several millennia. Cultures such as the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians discovered that different training techniques could promote more abundant and fruitful yields. When the Greeks began to colonize southern Italy in the 8th century BC, they called the land ''Oenotria'' which could be interpreted as "staked" or land of staked vines. In the 1st century AD, Roman writers such as Columella and Pliny the Elder gave advice to vineyard owners about what type of vine trainings worked well for certain vineyards.〔H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' pg 39-69 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6〕
For most of history, regional tradition largely dictated what type of vine training would be found in a given area. In the early 20th century, many of these traditions were codified into specific wine laws and regulations such as the French ''Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée'' (AOC) system. The widespread study and utilization of various training systems began in the 1960s when many New World wine regions were developing their wine industry. Without the centuries of tradition that influenced Old world winemaking and viticulture, vine growers in areas like California, Washington, Australia and New Zealand conducted large scale research into how particular vine training systems, pruning and canopy management techniques impacted wine quality. As research in this area continued into the 21st century, new vine training systems were developed that could be adapted to the desired wine making style the grapes were destined for as well as the labor needs and particular mesoclimate of the vineyard.〔
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